Macbeth Act 2 Summary

Summary Macbeth meets Banquo in the courtyard of his castle. Banquo is restless because he cannot decide how he feels about the witches and their prophecies. Macbeth pretends indifference, but casually agrees to talk about it if Banquo would like. They agree, and Banquo leaves. Macbeth again takes time to examine the pros and cons of going through with the plot, and begins to see illusions, starting with a dagger floating in the air in front of him. He seems to go back and forth, but eventually decides to kill Duncan. Enter To come on stage. Court A courtyard, possibly the forecourt. bearing a torch before himFleance is carrying a torch because this scene is set at night. Since the play was originally performed in the open air, in the afternoon, the torch helps us accept that it’s night. she The moon. I take’t, ’tis later I assume that it’s later than midnight. Most people had no accurate way to tell time. Clocks were few and watches had not been invented. There’s husbandry in heaven; / Their candles are all out. husbandry — conservation All the candles of heaven (the stars) are dark, unseen. The night is cloudy. Take thee that too. Banquo asks his son, Fleance, to take something else he’s been carrying, in addition to his sword.A heavy summons lies like lead upon me   . .  . Gives way to in repose! Banquo is tired and wants to sleep, but he can’t. This is a problem, since he knows he’ll worry over unwelcome thoughts if he stays awake. He prays, briefly, that he won’t be bothered by thoughts we naturally would think when we have the time to reflect on things. Give me my sword. Banquo immediately asks for his sword back again, since someone is approaching. It’s dark, so he can’t yet tell it’s Macbeth. Who’s there? Banquo asks â€Å"Who’s there? † — challenging the stranger to identify himself. not yet at rest? Why haven’t you gone to bed?The king’s a-bed The king has already gone to his sleep in unusual pleasure, and / Sent forth great largess to your offices. The king has been in an unusually good mood, and has given gifts in great measure to your household. This diamond he greets your wife withal, / By the name of most kind hostess Here’s a gem the king asked me to give to you, to give to your wife, as thanks for all her kindness as hostess. shut up / In measureless content. The king has now gone to bed in his private chamber, where he is locked in — â€Å"shut up† — for the night, completely happy with the way things are — â€Å"in measureless content. Being unprepared, / Our will became the servant to defect; / Which else should free have wrought. I wasn’t expecting all this (I was unprepared), so I left the dinner early (I â€Å"defected†). Otherwise I would have remained the whole time, and done what anyone would normally have done. Macbeth may be ma king excuses. Possibly he had so much on his mind that he couldn’t be a good host and left earlier than expected. Possibly he just wanted time, alone, to think. All’s well. / I dreamt last night of the three weird sisters: / To you they have show’d some truth. Banquo first says that there’s no harm done.He then invites Macbeth to talk about their meeting with the witches, by stating that he dreamed of the weird sisters — the sisters of Fate — the three witches. He also reminds Macbeth that they have spoken truth so far. I think not of them Macbeth is lying, trying to appear unconcerned. He definitely has been thinking about what the witches have said. Yet, when we can entreat an hour to serve, / We would spend it in some words upon that business, / If you would grant the time. But, if we have nothing better to do, we can talk about that, if you want. I don’t mind.Macbeth wants to conceal how eager he is to talk about this. At your kin d’st leisure. When it’s convenient for you. If you shall cleave to my consent, when ’tis, / It shall make honour for you. If you agree to act with me, join me, when it’s time to do so, you’ll benefit by it. So I lose none / In seeking to augment it, but still keep / My bosom franchised and allegiance clear, / I shall be counsell’d. As long as this doesn’t involve doing anything dishonorable, and as long as I can stay loyal and true, I’ll follow along. My bosom franchised and allegiance clear — my heart belongs to the kingI shall be counsell’d. — I’ll agree to your plans. The difference between the two men is becoming clear — Macbeth is willing to do anything, including murder Duncan, to get to the throne; Banquo won’t even pursue honor for himself if he has to give up any virtue to get there. Good repose the while! Sleep well until we get together to talk about this. Macbeth is probably just covering up, acting naturally. As we’re about to see, he has already decided to act, and probably feels no more need to discuss things with Banquo. Is this a dagger which I see before me, / The handle toward my hand?Come, let me clutch thee. / I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. dagger — sturdy, medium-sized knife, with a blade up to a foot long. let me clutch thee. / I have thee not — Macbeth is trying to grasp the dagger’s handle, but there’s nothing there. Macbeth has begun to see things, guilty visions, even before he has started down the road of murder. He is afraid of the immediate future, afraid of what he is planning to do. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible / To feeling as to sight? or art thou but / A dagger of the mind, a false creation, / Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain?Aren’t you able to be touched, just as you can be seen? Or are you just a vision, an imagined thing, an artifact of a fevered brain? I see thee yet, in form as palpable / As this which now I draw. I can still see you, just as solid-looking as this real dagger I now draw from its sheath. Thou marshall’st me the way that I was going; / And such an instrument I was to use. Your appearance encourages me to pursue what I was going to do (murder Duncan), and I was going to use a dagger to do it, so this must be a true indicator of what lies ahead.Mine eyes are made the fools o’ the other senses, / Or else worth all the rest; I see thee still, / And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood, / Which was not so before. My eyes are either worthless (deceived by a false vision), or else they’re the most capable of my senses (able to perceive what my other senses cannot). I still see the dagger, and now I see flowing blood on the blade and handle — that wasn’t there earlier. There’s no such thing: / It is the bloody business which informs / Thus to mine eyes. This is unreal. It’s th e horrifying act I’m contemplating that makes these visions appear.Now o’er the one halfworld / Nature seems dead, and wicked dreams abuse / The curtain’d sleep One half the world is in night, asleep, and nightmares take advantage of dreamers   . .  . witchcraft celebrates / Pale Hecate’s offerings, and wither’d murder, / Alarum’d by his sentinel, the wolf, / Whose howl’s his watch, thus with his stealthy pace. witches dance with Hecate (chief goddess of spells and witchcraft), and murder approaches (alarmed by its sentinel, the wolf)   . .  . With Tarquin’s ravishing strides, towards his design / Moves like a ghost. Tarquin was the son of a Roman king, infamous for his rape of Lucretia.This story has been the subject of many art works, including Shakespeare’s own poem, â€Å"The Rape of Lucrece. † For more information about this story, see the Wikipedia article regarding Sextus Tarquinius. Thou sure and f irm-set earth, / Hear not my steps, which way they walk, for fear / Thy very stones prate of my whereabout Macbeth is asking, dramatically, even the earth to not hear him walking, or know which way he goes, for fear the stones themselves would speak the truth they know — that he’s now going to murder Duncan. This is likely also a reference to Jesus entering Jerusalem — when told he hould quiet his disciples, Jesus responded â€Å"I tell you that, if these should hold their peace, the stones would immediately cry out. † (Luke 19:40) Or, in other words, truth cannot be silenced. Macbeth is hoping to evade this proverb. prate — speak, talk And take the present horror from the time, Which now suits with it. Make the present less horrifying than it is. Whiles I threat, he lives: / Words to the heat of deeds too cold breath gives. While I stand here talking about it, Duncan is still alive. Words are cold and weak, compared to the heat and strength (impor tance) of deeds.I go, and it is done The bell has rung. It’s time to act. It’s settled. the bell invites me The bell summons me. Macbeth is still hoping he can evade at least part of the responsibility for what he’s about to do. Now he’s making the bell partly responsible. Hear it not, Duncan; for it is a knell / That summons thee to heaven or to hell. Even now, Macbeth half hopes that the murder might not happen after all. He thinks that if Duncan doesn’t hear the ringing of the bell (the knell), maybe he (Duncan) won’t have to die. But Macbeth proceeds, in spite of his doubts and misgivings. AsideIn an aside, the character speaks privately to himself for a moment, or directly to the audience, or privately to some (but not all) of the other characters present. As a matter of convention, an aside is always a true statement of what the character thinks. A character speaking in an aside may be mistaken, but may not be dishonest. An aside (agai n as a matter of convention) cannot be heard by those not spoken to. Exit He leaves the stage. Exeunt Banquo and Fleance. Exeunt — Latin, literally â€Å"they leave. † Banquo and Fleance leave the stage, leaving Macbeth alone with a servant.

Alan Keith as Effective Leader

Alan Keith is a chief accounting officer and controller for the Turner Distribution Company. He was recruited as a part of the acquisition team, but his inborn professional qualities and skills made him effective leader. When he was asked to take the role of vice president of business operations in Hanna-Barbera studies, he agreed and moved to Los-Angeles to meet his new destiny. His task was challenging as he had to re-invent completely Hanna-Barbera studios. He realized that that was the sphere where leadership worked at it best. And he appeared to be true. Speaking about Keith’s leadership qualities, it is necessary to underline that always knows what is important for him, for his working team, he realizes his strengths and weaknesses, driving forces and pitch falls. Moreover, Alan seems to be aware of when it is necessary to draw a line. He is an effective leader possessing clear values and objectives as well as self-confidence, savvy, persistence and knowledge. It is necessary to admit his personal qualities such as passion, empathy strength of a character, humor, wisdom reliability, sensitivity, creativity at work, common sense, etc. Alan Keith states that one should know himself, because it helps to overcome challenges, ethic dilemmas and problems, to communicate with people having different thoughts and ideas, to make relevant and complex decisions, to define the sources of satisfaction and relaxation if necessary. Alan Keith believes that true leader should to be clear about his own values, priorities, and preferences and not let someone else, or society, define them for him, because by clearly identifying those values, priorities, and preferences he can articulate what he wants. One more quality is willing to commit meaning besides being self-aware and shrewd; Alan needs not to be afraid of responsibilities and duties. For him, being a leader requires sacrificing your free time, to put others before yourself, etc. Alan Keith became successful because he confronted traditional culture with fresh radical ideas. Moreover, focus on creativity contributed significantly his personal and career success. Alan realized that studio was ruled by manufacturing philosophy. Keith said: â€Å"It was about doing it cheaply, getting it out the door and getting it on the air as quickly as possible†. (p.9) Studio’s motivation was driven by volume, not quality and creativity. The factor, as usual, had highly centralized structure meaning that all decisions about creativity were made only by several people. That system damped creativity and Alan Keith managed to change the situation and to make studio one of the leading in the world. He realized that something had to be done quickly; otherwise, all efforts would be in vain. Alan Keith managed to re-shape corporate vision and perception of team work at the studio. He emphasized the role of creativity for team members replacing and replaced manufacturing mentality. Cartoon animation is art and only then manufacturing. Keith stressed: â€Å"It was a huge struggle to get to the place where we could actually admit that all we really care about right now is bringing the right kind of creativity into this organization†. (p.9) As a result, studio produced thirty-nine successful cartoons with different characters. Keith managed to change everything: thinking, organizational structure, vision and ways of operating. Keith staked on deeper connection with people and appeared right. Studio climate changed as well: â€Å"We did everything from completely overhauling and doing a face-lift on the space so that it spoke to the creative spirit to encouraging anybody in the company†. (p11) Alan Keith succeeded because he dedicated himself personally to developing leadership within organization. Alan Keith faced different cultures, thoughts, ways of life, and he did seize the opportunity to lead. Actually, I don’t see any weakness in his leadership style. I understand that there are no perfect people and each person has certain weaknesses. The only thing I can mentions is that he should be less emotional. In certain cases, personal emotions may lead to failure. However, this is not Keith’s case. Speaking about exemplary practices of leadership Keith outlines five of them which seem the most important: model the way, inspire a shared vision, challenge the process, enable other to act and encourage the heart. The first practice is modeling the way. It suggests finding choice by clarifying personal values and objectives; setting the example by aligning actions with shared values. Alan Keith realized if he wanted to gain commitment and achieve the highest standards, he should be the model of behavior for others. He was always clear about his guiding practices. Alan Keith argued that he leader from what he believed. He stressed that leaders should have their choice give voice to their values and believes. The second practice is inspiring a shared vision. Alan Keith proclaimed creativity as shared vision of the studio. Creativity helped him to rejuvenate decaying organizational practice. The next practice is challenging the process. Keith always ventured out. His success is confronting traditional culture with creative ideas. He challenged the process by innovative products and cutting-edge services. Alan Keith is true pioneer as he steeped out in the unknown. The fourth practice is enabling other to act. Keith managed to foster collaboration and increased trust among leadership and simple workers. He engaged everybody in teamwork realizing that people should feel committed and strong. Finally, the fifth practice is encouraging the heart. Keith created community spirit and celebrated values and victories as celebration is considered effective motivational tool. Alan showed appreciation for individual excellence. Summing up, Alan Keith has all the makings of effective and successful leader. He is perfect both as leader and a person.

Assessment test Essay Example for Free

Assessment test Essay Assessment is a vast topic that is a continuing process that educators use to observe, gather, and evaluate evidence to determine what students have learned, as well as, making informed, and dependable decisions to enhance student learning. It encompasses a broad range of testing from nationwide accountability tests to everyday classroom observation and quizzes. In order to take control of what appears to be an excess use of testing, assessment should be looked upon as a tool for information. The more information we have about students, the more closely we can look at  instructional strategies that are effective and which ones need to be modified. There are two main types of assessments that I will be discussing, formal and informal. Informal assessments or in other words â€Å"assessment of learning†, are used to evaluate students during the learning process. Formal assessments are conducted as a tool to evaluate student’s completion of work or the final product. There are many advantages and disadvantages to these types of assessments techniques that I will be discussing for measuring student progress. I will begin by discussing two formal assessment types along with its  advantages and disadvantages. The first type of assessment that I would like to address would be the statewide-standardized test under the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). The statewide standardized test is considered a high-stakes test because of the important consequences it has on passing or failing the test. It mandates yearly testing for grades 3 through 8 and once in high school for reading and math. Science was recently added in the mix to test students at least once in elementary, middle and high school. The underlying principle for this type of testing was intended to reach great  academic achievement for all students, especially those from lower socioeconomic classes. Advantage #1 It ensures that no child—regardless of race, ethnicity, gender or status is trapped in a consistently low-performing school. If a school does not make adequate progress towards set standards, parents have the option of sending their children to a better performing school or are provided free tutoring. This assessment helps determine if the student is receiving high-quality education at different grade levels. Advantage #2 Teachers are held accountable. If a student is not advancing with one  method of teaching, the teacher must use a different technique for a more favorable outcome. They must use research-based methods of teaching. This high-stakes test determines how to use assessment results to plan effective instruction. Disadvantage #1 This statewide-standardized test does not recognize student growth. It does not offer a realistic picture of how a student or school is performing as a whole. The extent of what a student actually learned is not known. Students that start out at a disadvantage are not given recognition for progress in achievement. Disadvantage #2 Teaching to the test. The growing concern with this high-stakes test is that it has become the curriculum and instruction has been narrowed to focus on results. Disadvantage #3 States set their own standards and can make tests unusually easy to compensate for inadequate student performance. The second type of formal assessment I would like to discuss is the aptitude test. It is a norm-reference test and is administered under timed testing conditions. It measures a student’s overall performance across a wide range of intellectual capabilities. These test are useful to determine the current level students are at and to adjust classroom curriculum  accordingly. Advantage #1 Aptitude tests are excellent predictors of future learning or performance. Advantage #2 Aptitude tests help students understand their own strengths and weaknesses. Advantage #3 Aptitude tests are useful tools for working with students with special needs because it can help teachers form realistic expectations of the student. Disadvantage #1 Since this is a multiple-choice type test, it does not allow for creativity or an alternative way of thinking. Disadvantage #2 Since this is a norm-reference test, students do not know how well they individually mastered the material. They only know how well they did compared to other students. Informal assessments is an important tool for teachers to use to monitor students’ progress throughout the learning process. The first type of informal assessment I feel is crucial in monitoring student performance is observation. I feel this method would be valuable to use in my classroom because I can observe students immediate reaction to my instruction especially during a pair-share or group setting. As I walk around the classroom, I would document my assessment of students’ performance and then provide feedback. As I observe and listen, it will allow me to know how many students remembered and processed the information given, as well as using it to solve problems. Advantage #2 As I observe and listen, it can help me to immediately clarify any confusion and address the problem. Disadvantage #1 Not all students may be verbally participating at the time of observation. Disadvantage #2 Some students become nervous when being observed, and their performance may suffer. A second type of informal assessment that I would use in the classroom would be student portfolios. Through the portfolio process,  students develop goal-setting and self-directed learning techniques. It helps students value themselves as learners. It also allows students to compete with themselves rather than with other students. Advantage #1 Students can plan and manage their own time to complete their work. This can benefit the students by teaching them responsibility for their own learning goals. Advantage #2 Students know their own strengths and weaknesses as they assess and analyze their progress. Disadvantage #1 Portfolios take a lot of planning and organization. Gathering all the information can make it difficult to manage. Disadvantage #2 Evaluating and scoring a student’s portfolio evolves a wide range of subjective evaluation procedures, which can limit reliability. A third method of informal assessment is through student oral presentation. This technique provides the student an opportunity to present information through verbal means in lieu of a written form. It allows the student to show their knowledge on a particular subject. To assess this type of method I would use a rating scale to grade student performance. It is very important to use a detailed rating scale for students to know the  aspects of the presentation that are to be considered in the assessment. Advantage #1 This method of assessment is instant and immediate in the transmission of information. Feedback can be given instantly. Advantage #2 Oral presentations provide maximum preparation. This can allow the students to practice to achieve perfection. Disadvantage #1 Some students are timid and more introverted than others. Oral presentations can be very intimidating and nerve-racking. Disadvantage #2 English language learners or those students who have a disability might affect their ability to speak fluently. Disadvantage #3  Students might find it easier to organize information through written communication. The final informal assessment method I would use would be pop quizzes. This type of assessment is usually quick, given without prior warning and can be completed in 15 minutes or less. Teachers can use this method to determine if students have grasped recent information. Advantage #1 Allow students to build on previous information and strengthens concepts which may have been unclear to them. Advantage #2 It is a great way to reinforce material that may be covered on a standardized type assessment test. It does not allow for accommodation for those students who need extended time on examinations, tests and quizzes. It can cause undo stress for those students. Disadvantage #2 It doesn’t really tell the true picture of a student’s level of knowledge. Some students may be lucky enough to guess the majority of the questions correctly. Having a mixture of written and oral types of informal assessments services a wide range of students. It allows the teacher to evaluate and recognize student’s learning needs and determine the appropriate level and pace of workflow. It offers the students the best chance to excel in one or more formats. Assessment test. (2016, Sep 25).

Compare and contrast attitudes towards Native Americans Essay

Compare and contrast attitudes towards Native Americans - Essay Example Even though white American treated American Indians in hostile manner, the latter considered the former as brothers. The American Indian was always treated unfairly and was not rewarded for their efforts and they often survived liked invisible Americans. They were given small reservations and were cut off from the rest of the country. Many Americans who live out of the West have no idea that Native Americans did survive in America. Traditionally, Americans neglected Native Americans and did not give any rights or privilege to this community. Americans felt that even though Native Americans had noble qualities, in the end they are evil, treacherous and cruel. Native Americans were a minority and were treated with injustice by white Americans. Americans kept a distance from Native Americans as they were believed to be lazy, uncivilized and vengeful. Native Americans had been neglected throughout the history of America, until the media started focusing on them. It was in 1960 that two books on American Indians throw some light upon their importance and culture. In 1960s Native Americans received more attention among white Americans and this led to greater awareness of American Indians and the troubles they faced in their daily life. The American Indians utilized the publicity they had among white Indians and the Americans started caring more for their needs and desire. Americans started feeling sympathetic towards Native Americans and started realizing their rights and needs. So the media started to focus on their problems, history and explained the pain they suffered at the hands of white Americans. The plight of the Native Americans is poor because they are largely misunderstood by the White Americans. The problem is the both the parties does not attempt to understand each other. It was in late 20th century that the Americans started realizing that America is not

How attention deficit hyperactivity disorder affects children and Research Paper - 1

How attention deficit hyperactivity disorder affects children and adults - Research Paper Example will examine the symptoms that aid in the diagnosis of the disorder and will then analyze the epidemiology that will shed light on the pervasiveness of the disorder that is how vastly it impacts the everyday functioning of the individual according to the age bracket they fall into. According to researchers, bys are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than girls and as discussed earlier the age of onset of the disorder is seven and the symptoms may continue in adulthood; however adults may develop a repertoire of coping strategies in order to alleviate the symptoms, but they still experience ample amount of dysfunctions. The signs and symptoms involved in ADHD are very complex and clinicians have to exercise immense amount of caution in order to avoid making a misdiagnosis. Clinicians have a wide range of disorders that they need to rule out before confirming that the individual suffers from ADHD. The disorder is divided into three subtypes by psychologists that are ADHD mainly inattentive; which was previously known as Attention-Deficit Disorder (ADD), ADHD mainly hyperactive-impulsive and ADHD combined. If an individual shows symptoms of both ADHD mainly inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive, the individual is said to suffer from ADHD combined. (Lougy & Rosenthal, 2002) However, it can be seen clearly that the individuals suffering from ADHD fundamentally by hyperactivity, inattentiveness and impulsiveness. The symptoms are then divided along the aforementioned characteristics; in case of inattentiveness the individual’s behavior is characterized by a short attention span, he or she may face problems while concentrating and following instructions, they may become extremely forgetful and individuals exhibit clumsiness in the execution of minor chores or activities. On the other hand, hyperactivity symptoms include inability to sit quietly in ne lace, constantly moving hands and feet, they may talk excessively and is always ‘on the go’. (Lougy &

Modernist and Postmodern influences on marketing Essay

Modernist and Postmodern influences on marketing - Essay Example Therefore, it is acceptable to claim that consumers would be expected to carry out economic and rational behaviour in choosing products using criteria based on an objective evaluation. However, according to Ellis et al (2011: p45), post-modernist perspectives on marketing, in contrast, adhere to the viewpoint that there exists no single correct and universal scientific method. In contrast to modernity’s subjective â€Å"knowing†, the latter views the consumer as being actively involved in communicating their preferred social reality (Ozuem, 2013: p55), instead of passive inheritance of social reality constructed sans their participation. This increased role of the consumer, however, does not diminish the role of marketing because, as stated by Hunt and Morgan (1995: p5), consumers still have imperfect information about products that might match their tastes and preferences and, thus, their preferred social reality. Consumers in the post-modern era explore a more eclectic product combination to experience inconsistent and tentative identities (Dawes & Brown, 2010: p93). A consumer can purchase a product from an upscale retailer and another from a bargain sale, which acts as an example of fragmentation occurring within the consumers â€Å"self† dependent on varying contexts. Marketers, therefore, would be wasting time in attaching meaning to goods and services they offer to such a fragmented consumer, especially since meanings are contextual. Thus, marketers are being forced to abandon the modernism-era consumer who was goal-oriented and rational for the post-modernism-era consumer who samples and browses, as well as experiments with relationships and identities. As contended by Hirt (2009: p253), the post-modern experience is one of participation, in which creation of product value is done during consumption, instead of during production. The success of marketing

Compare Bible Genesis Chapter 13 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare Bible Genesis Chapter 13 - Essay Example The first one was written during the time when Israel had kings ruling Jerusalem and before their deportation to Babylon in 587 BC. The customary scholarly description for the earlier custom, which extends sporadically all through the Pentateuch, is the Yahwist or J tradition. Many scholars would date the later creation story in Genesis 1:1 2:3 to a time after 587BC and the exile to Babylon. It is also argued that it may have been written even later i.e. after the return to Judah in 539BC during the Persian period. This tradition is called as the priestly tradition or the P tradition. There are lots of difference between the Y tradition and the P tradition (Shelley) The two chapters of Genesis fulfil every aspect of a Myth, or a kind of Myth conclusion. There are two accounts of creation in the genesis and they surely contradict each other. It is absolutely old and deals with a paranormal being that a society found vital. Therefore the first two chapters are an atheist's best friend and a Christian's nightmare. It is a blatant contradiction in what is claimed to be a divinely inspired document. In the first God created mankind on the sixth day. After making everything else, finally he creates mankind. Then he rests. In the subsequent creation the timeline is not broken up into days. But the first thing God does is to make Man before he makes even plants.

Poverty in relation to Child Welfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Poverty in relation to Child Welfare - Essay Example ldren provided clear resolutions to provide public assistance through financial aid for various individuals and families requiring the support in identified needs. The impetus of federal and state legislators to design social welfare programs stem from the factors contributing to poverty in the United States. Poverty has always been considered a social dilemma afflicting people from diverse backgrounds. It has always been an intriguing and challenging concern due to the multitude of factors that interplay and contribute to its existence. People could be misguided that poverty does not exist in a progressively developed country such as the United States. However, this social stigma pervades people from the lowest income levels despite the economic condition of the country they reside. In this regard, in view of the contention that â€Å"poverty is one of the major risk factors of child abuse and neglect†, the essay aims to provide a brief summary of the history of social welfare programs developed to address the issue of poverty. Likewise, the discourse would seek to identify, from among the proffered programs, the most effective one in alleviating poverty and improving children’s welfare. Poverty is generally defined as â€Å"the state of living in a family with income below the federally defined poverty line† (About.com: Economics, 2010, par. 1). The U.S. Census Bureau (2010) defines poverty, to wit: â€Å"Following the Office of Management and Budgets (OMB) Statistical Policy Directive 14, the Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who is in poverty.   If a family’s total income is less than the family’s threshold, then that family and every individual in it is considered in poverty.   The official poverty thresholds do not vary geographically, but they are updated for inflation using Consumer Price Index (CPI-U).   The official poverty definition uses money income before taxes and does not

Wall Street Journal Article - Summary Assignment

Wall Street Journal Article - Summary - Assignment Example Thought this timing of granting options cannot be termed as illegal, critics believe that providing such grants at the time of merging helps the parent companies acquire the target with low cost premium relative to other bidders. As discussed in Chapter 41, stock options were given to the employees of the company in order to provide them with motivation towards team success and organization improvement. But it could lead to ill effects as such the employees trying to do illegal activities like rewriting books in order to keep their options in a profit rate. The article proves as evidence to what was discussed about the illegal activities. The allowance of extra shares to executive officers during a pre-deal affects the value of share holders stocks in a large way. The grants of the shareholders are affected in two ways, one being positive to them, the other in a negative way. The shareholders can be deprived of their share value with the dilution of its cost by providing extra shares to officers. Or, they can benefit with the incentives that are obtained through the merging with other companies. The executive officers, due to the extensive revenue they get through takeover bids promote mergers and acquisitions in a large way. Examples of such merger acquisition done in the past two years include the taking over of Marvel pictures by Walt Disney, where the CEO reaped $34 millions in cash through selling stock options. The allowance of providing pre-deal options to executives is termed as a selfish act by critics and is compared in terms with another activity considered to be controversial, â€Å"SpringLoading†. Though the details were discussed with the SEC, they have declined to take any direct action against it except for ruling that the acquiring companies have to show their annual proxy statements. As the article suggests, the executives convert their options to shares as soon as the deal closes out. This was

Thesis Statement Studies have shown that exercise decrease Research Paper

Thesis Statement Studies have shown that exercise decrease hypertension and organ damage in elderly, more so than Medications - Research Paper Example In this sense, the historical and current bases of this debate are mentioned, albeit lightly. III. Medication versus exercise This section specifically highlights the points and issues brought forward by both sides of the debate. That is, the arguments brought forward by those believing that exercise is a more effective preventive and treatment technique for hypertension compared to medications. However, the importance of seeking medical advice prior to engaging in any form or period of exercise is emphasized. IV. Exercise and Its Effects on the Heart This section narrows down on the exact benefits and effects of exercise, which makes it better and more effective than medication in preventing and treating hypertension and reducing organ damage in elderly people. V. Recommendations This section is about the various techniques and approaches by which health care professionals and individual elderly persons may engage in sports and other exercise to prevent, treat, and manage hypertensi on and organ damage. VI. Conclusion This section is a summary of the entire paper, especially on the reasons exercise is more effective than medication in preventing and treating organ damage and hypertension. VII. References This is the list of some of the references used in gathering the information contained in the paper. Abstract It is common knowledge that a healthy lifestyle is quite an important part of the treatment and prevention of hypertension, thus indispensable in this regard. According to the American Heart Association and the American College of Sports Medicine, moderate-intensity resistance exercise or training should be used to complement aerobic exercise programs in any efforts to prevent, treat, and control hypertension. According to numerous past and current studies on short-term post-exercise blood pressure reduction in elderly hypertensive patients, the rationale for such exercises is the control of blood pressure. The issue of blood pressure control is more pr ofound in the aged and people already diagnosed with hypertension, especially with regards to the lowering of resting blood pressure. Although exercise activities elicit post-exercise blood pressure drop, the mechanisms causing these responses are not entirely understood. In most of these studies that target elderly hypertensive patients aged about 65, cardiac output and blood pressure are the variables commonly measured, both at rest and after short periods of low-intensity exercises such as bicycle rides. The results of most of these studies indicate that in hypertensive patients, exercises provoke a considerable drop in blood pressure and cardiac output. The therapeutic and preventive uses of exercise have made it to be compared with medication with respect to the treatment and prevention of hypertension. In fact, many a stakeholder feels that exercise is more effective than medication in the treatment of hypertension. However, there are those with opposing opinion who believe me dication still has an upper hand in treating and preventing hypertension. Introduction Quite a number of health literatures cover the techniques by which one may reduce or manage high blood pressure and other heart-related conditions. However, fewer health literatures recommend techniques for controlling and preventing heart conditions without involving medications. Most literatures emphasize the effectiveness of

Learning Basic Japanese Language Through Mobile Audio Learning Essay Example for Free

Learning Basic Japanese Language Through Mobile Audio Learning Essay Nowadays, education is not just all about writing in the blackboard and explaining afterwards, it needs to capture the enthusiasm of the students to be able to learn. Learning may be done in many ways, like seeing, hearing, and experiencing things first hand. Students are fun of reading books, watching and some are interested in grammar especially in learning foreign languages. ( http://homeworktips. about. com/od/homeworkhelp/a/learningstyle. tm) Learning foreign languages such as Japanese has become a trend because people travel a lot and go abroad to earn money or simply want to visit another country and learn something about its geography and culture and even watching movies, animes, reading books. The researcher’s choose the Japanese language to be used in the development of this research because considering that Japan is one of the leading countries in terms of technology efficiency and learning, their culture may have a big impact to be able to understand more and cope up with them, Considering also the possibility of increasing high paying jobs in Japan by big companies. Firms nowadays are deciding to cooperate with partners from other countries. These firms need good translators who will help them to communicate with their partners. As you can see, you need to learn another language to get a good job. This knowledge can help you in your life. Learning multiple languages will always serve to enhance your quality of life, and even if you never use that language in practical circumstances, you almost certainly will enjoy the time spent educating yourself. Language learning is unique in that you rarely have to spend much money to find a passionate instructor or fellow learner, and the adventure of understanding a new tongue is one experience you will not soon forget. (http://learn-german-review. toptenreviews. com/the-importance-of-learning-foreign-languages. html) Audio recordings use native speakers, and one’s strength is helping learners improve their accent. Some recordings have pauses for the learner to speak. Others are continuous so the learner speaks along with the recorded voice, similar to learning a song. Audio recordings for self-study use many of the methods used in classroom teaching, and have been produced on records, tapes, CDs, DVDs and websites. Most audio recordings teach words in the target language by using explanations in the learners own language. An alternative is to use sound effects to show meaning of words in the target language. The only language in such recordings is the target language, and they are comprehensible regardless of the learners native language. ( http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Language_eduation) One of the biggest advantages to listening to lots of Japanese, user’s actually learn how to speak it is getting nice and familiar with how Japanese should sound. User get a much better handle for pronunciation, accent, and tone than if users just went into it without any prior listening experience. Whether users realize it or not, their brain is subconsciously paying attention to how Japanese sounds. This makes it much easier for you to reproduce these sounds correctly when the time comes. Well, usually at least. This really helps out, especially by keeping from getting into any bad pronunciation habits. If users already know how it should sound, they’ll be much less likely to get used to pronouncing things incorrectly or ingraining users personal Japanese with a bad accent. ( http://www. tofugu. com/2012/07/02/how-to-learn-japanese-without-really-doing-anything/) A twist in learning such as visual learning, audio learning, in this generation, contributes a big impact as a learning aid. Over the past few decades, the use of audio as a format has great breadth and depth learning tool has been very efficient. Audio as a means there is great potential for its use in education. The diversity of activity that takes advantage of audio hasnt changed much in many years. However in recent years there has been new exploration into digital uses for audio, which were anticipating taking advantage of the potential that is unique to digital audio. The widespread popularity of audio is due, in the main, to its ubiquity in our culture and ease of use both from a listeners perspective and more recently in the creation of audio. The tools have gotten easier to use and better documentation has lowered the entry barrier. Furthermore, affordable recording devices are readily available, particularly with most mobile phones now are able to record audio to an acceptable standard, giving the majority of people the means to create and use audio. ( http://www. jiscdigitalmedia. ac. uk/guide/using-audio-in-teaching-and-learning/ ) Traditionally, academic libraries provide us an access to the different text based materials that serve as a reference for our research, or even for the learners. But even though it provides a lot of resources, it takes a lot of time spent to look and browse each prospective book. Because of this, Southern College University and its staff tried to develop a project which involves the use of mobile technology for audio format. They tried to convert these different text based materials into audio format and into different languages, in order to speed up research. In just a click, you could already have the necessary data. Even though it is beneficial, in some ways, they tried to ask for some opinion. Some said words are too small to read the way it was read is not clear. Some of the necessary data are missing. Others said they still prefer to read the textual per se rather than using the audio format. Because of these drawbacks, the staff tried to improve and innovate this kind of project in order to accommodate the different comments and will give more benefits to the users. Audio format using mobile technology is really an effective way for learners, to expand their knowledge especially in foreign language. This will also help those disabled person especially the blinds that really rely on their hearing senses in order to be nurtured and develop their own capabilities. Wallin, M, Kelly, K McGinley, A 2012, Using mobile technology to deliver information in audio format: learning by listening) Technology may give us a lot of benefits but it has a lot of limitations. We should be able to weigh every circumstances, whatever is more important and be able to change these limitations into a more beneficial and effective aspects. This study seeks to develop a mobile based application that would help the user learning basic Japanese language through the use of auditory learning because learning Japanese language is not that easy. Reading and visual learning is not enough, user’s need to have an extra means of learning. Audio learning helps users to learn the right pronunciation and accent. This study aims to develop a mobile based application that would help the user learn basic Japanese language with auditory learning to increase learning experience not just the basic form of reading, visual learning and pronouncing it but also helping the user to have better understand and have the right way of pronunciation of words. The researchers come up with these specific objectives, 1. ) To be able to promote another means, in order to develop learning aspect. 2. ) To be able to develop the comprehension of individuals in Japanese language in a faster way. 3. ) To determine the feasibility of this kind of technology as teaching aid. 4. ) To enable technology specifically this audio format be contribute to the growth of individual through Japanese language. Procedure To achieve certain objectives, the researchers should have the right approach. First objective is to be able to promote another means, in order to develop learning aspect, basically the key concept of technology is innovation and so the researcher’s came up with the idea to use audio format in order to improve the way learning is conducted, through this, education will be easier. This could be accomplished through the mobile based application which will be the end result of this project. The application will be the primary tool in order to conduct learning by converting the users input which is English words to Japanese language. The second objective is to be able to develop the comprehension of individuals in Japanese language in a faster way. Comprehension development is brought about by the person’s interest to learn and enrich his or her vocabulary. This could be possibly done in faster way and that is through audio format. Like the gadgets that were attached onto, with just a matter of click, users could learn in an easier way. The third objective is to determine the feasibility of this kind of technology as teaching aid. The researchers are challenged to find out the viability of using this technology in conducting learning. This will also assist us to know the possible drawbacks through opinions, imperfections to correct, problems that may arise and make some adjustments in order to improve and innovate it further for it to be more beneficial to people. The last objective is to enable technology specifically this audio format is contribute to the growth of individual through Japanese language. Nowadays, individuals are looking forward in enriching themselves in order to be competitive and to attain a wholesome growth. Some also has the need to learn and be able to speak different anguages because it is required by their respective jobs, and through the use of audio format, this would be a great help in achieving these kind of situation. When users are now exposing themselves repeatedly with the audio format, little by little, they are familiarizing themselves with how Japanese should sound, resulting to a much better handle on the proper pronunciation, accent and tone. They’ll be likely to get used to it and in turn be able to build vocabulary, improve speech, communication skills and generally comprehension.

Reasons to Study Overseas Essay Example for Free

Reasons to Study Overseas Essay Reasons to study overseas There are many reasons to study abroad. Impressiveness in teachers is the first of my motivations. Secondly, study abroad would enhance my learning in higher education in terms of their cutting edge technology and learning environment. The last reason is to gain life experiences by living in different city, different speaking language and different people. First of my motivations for PhD study abroad is from my teachers. I took their classes when I studied undergraduate school in Khon Kaen University. They look so smart and confident. They shared me their PhD study experience and told me how good it gives after graduated PhD. Although they studied hard, it is worth doing. Also, my advisor in graduated school taught me not only new exited field of study, but also forwarded his research experiences to me. These inspire me to further my study in foreign country to improve my research experiences and pass on to my students. Secondly, studying abroad would enhance my learning opportunities. Developed countries preserve more knowledge and technology, and contribute more applications, and problem solutions than underdeveloped and developing countries. For my field (application problem in industry) study in a developed country could provide me chances to solve world class problems in my interested study field Lastly, gaining life experiences is also another important issue to go study aboard. Living in different country, different language speaking and foreigner people around will challenge me to improve myself. I have got a lot of experiences in US when I were there doing a part time job for three months. I have learned to work with foreign people, learned their culture, learned how to make foreigner friends under different culture and learned how to live without family. Using English in daily life was also the greatest experience that I could not get in Thailand. In summary, studying overseas will provide me chances to gain experiences in terms of academic and life. Once I graduate, I will have required ability to support my work in engineering programme at Nakhon Phanom University, and pass on my knowledge to my students. These are main reasons why I would like to study abroad in PhD study.

Rebound Tenderness in Diagnosis of Appendicitis in Children

Rebound Tenderness in Diagnosis of Appendicitis in Children Abdominal pain is a common presentation within the accident and emergency department [A+E] and specialist nurses working in this environment need to be familiar and confident in dealing with this presentation (Hibberts and Bushell 2007, Pines, Pines, Hall, Hunter, Srinivasan and Ghaemmaghami 2005). Abdominal pain can be associated with a wide variety of surgical and nonsurgical conditions, with the most prevalent cause being acute appendicitis (Lin, Chen, Chung, Ho, and Lin, 2009). The diagnosis of appendicitis is formulated from subjective and objective data including a patients history, abdominal examination, laboratory investigations and signs and symptoms. This assignment will critically analyse the clinical skill of testing for rebound tenderness and its relevance to diagnosing appendicitis in children. The clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children is difficult for many practitioners (Broek, Ende, Bijnen, Breslau and Alkmaar, 2004). Between the years 2008 and 2009 the number of patients presenting to A+E within the UK who were diagnosed with appendicitis was 44,244 (NHS Information Centre, 2009). This equates to almost 0.3% of all presentations in A+E over one year. Approximately 9,300 of this population were between the ages of 0 and 14 years old (NHS Information Centre, 2009). However up to 25% of these 9,300 children with suspected appendicitis have a normal appendix at operation (Smink, Finkelstein, Garcia-Pena, Shannon, Taylor, and Fishman, 2004). Furthermore, the 25% of paediatric negative appendectomies now result in considerable clinical and economic costs to the NHS (Koepsell, 2002). These substantial figures are one of the primary reasons for specifying this assignment on children. In addition, the scope of practice within A+E covers paediatrics for many adult q ualified nurses and adult trained nurse practitioners. It is therefore imperative that the knowledge base for all A+E staff encompasses paediatrics at an advanced level as well (Cleaver, 2003). The overall accuracy for the clinical examination in diagnosing acute appendicitis has been reported to be between 54% and 70% in children (Birkhahn, Briggs, Datillo, Van Deusen and Gaeta, 2006). In addition Whisker, Luke, Hendrickse, Bowley and Lander (2009) suggest that only 4% of children have a miss-diagnosis of appendicitis in specialist paediatric centres, compared to 20% in district general hospitals. Despite the uncertainty of the diagnosis and the cost of miss-diagnosis to the NHS, appendicitis requires urgent treatment (Williams, et al., 2009). This is due to the risk of perforation, which occurs in approximately one third of cases in children (Neilson, et al., 1990). Therefore the need for a good clinical assessment at first contact in A+E is needed to provide a correct management plan and reduce on costs for the NHS. An abdominal examination should be performed where possible in a warm, well lit room with the patient well-draped and relaxed (Bickley, 2009). Initially the practitioner should undertake inspection, auscultation and percussion of the whole nine sections of the abdomen (Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2008). The final aspect of the abdominal examination should be palpation as this has the potential to be the most painful (Allan, 2008). Palpation is a process which should always be commenced away from the site of pain, as this will allow the patient to gain some reassurance from the practitioner and help them to relax (Bickley, 2009, Hibberts and Bushell, 2007). The practitioner should utilise the palmer surfaces of the fingers to identify any abnormal signs (Bickley, 2009). More specific palpation techniques can help to diagnose appendicitis, such as rebound tenderness (Bickley, 2009). This is performed by pressing slowly and firmly to a specific area and then withdrawing them quickly (Bickley, 2009). Practitioners should observe the patient and ask if pain was worse on pressing or letting go (Hibberts and Bushell, 2007). However, Bickley (2009) suggests that if any of the previous examinations such as light or deep palpation are positive then this should not be undertaken as it will cause undue pain for the patient. The whole process of abdominal examination in children follows the same system as in adults. However, the causes of abdominal pain in children are often different, encompassing a broad range of acute and chronic diseases (Bickley, 2009). Therefore it maybe pertinent to suggest that more emphasis should be placed special techniques such as checking for rebound tenderness rather than abdominal palpation and testing for rebound. The initial discovery and accreditation of rebound tenderness (also known as Blumbergs sign) is credited to a German surgeon called Jacob Moritz Blumberg (1873 1955). Many articles make reference to Blumbergs sign; however there appears to be no relevant literature, research or evidence base to support this surgeon was the gentleman who discovered this sign (Mantzaris, Anastassopoulos, Adamopoulos and Gardikis, 2008). A study undertaken by (Williams, et al., 2009) showed that out of 98 children who had acute appendicitis 91% had right lower quadrant tenderness on palpation however only 30% had rebound tenderness. Another study by Lin, Chen, Chung, Ho, and Lin (2009) also suggested that 43.4% of the 53 children examined with appendicitis had rebound tenderness. So both these studies suggest that positive rebound tenderness is an indication of an acute appendicitis in children and therefore cannot be ruled out of an initial differential diagnosis. Golledge, Toms, Franklin, Scriven and Galland (1996) specifically evaluated the â€Å"cats eye symptom† (pain going over a bump in the road), the cough sign, right lower quadrant pain to percussion, rebound tenderness and guarding. The data from this evaluation suggested that rebound tenderness had a likelihood ratio of 7.4 compared to the other signs which had likelihood ratios of between 1.1 and 4.1. This data therefore suggests that rebound tenderness is a very useful sign in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis, but that the other signs and symptoms are not (Moyer, et al., 2001). Overall rebound tenderness is useful sign for diagnosing appendicitis when there is a high suspicion of appendicitis and is accompanied with other diagnostic indicators (Moyer, et al., 2001). Another presentation to be considered in relation to abdominal pain and rebound tenderness is the duration of the pain experienced by the child. A study undertaken by Oshea, Bishop, Alario and Cooper (1988) involved 246 children from 13 to 18 years old who presented to the emergency department with a history of less than one week of abdominal pain. Results showed that the likelihood ratio of pain was greater when the child had the pain for more than 12 hours (Likelihood ratio: 1.3) compared to less than 12 hours (Likelihood ratio: 0.64). Later in the study pain duration was evaluated at less than 24 hours and more than 24 hours, with their likelihood ratios being 0.83 and 1.2 respectively. When compared to Andersson, et al. (1999) study of 502 patients aged 10 to 86 the greatest likelihood ratio was 1.7 at 7-12 hours after onset of pain. Based on both studies it is very difficult to see how duration of pain can lead to the diagnosis of appendicitis. Therefore, practitioners must not allow the duration of pain to prevent any further investigation into the diagnosis (Moyer, et al., 2001). Another symptom which could possibly indicate the diagnosis of appendicitis is fever (Gwynn, 2001). Cardall, Glasser and Gusss (2004) study evaluated two hundred and ninety three people aged between 7 and 75 who presented to the emergency department with suspected appendicitis. Temperatures were classed at greater than 99oF or less than 99oF. The study showed that 27% of patients whos temperature was 99oF. When the results were analysed in terms of specific temperature intervals, the highest likelihood ratio (3.18) was found in patients with temperatures greater than 102  °F. However, Bergerons (2006) study on clinical judgement suggests there is no clinical value with temperature as there is minimal sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of appendicitis. Therefore, as with duration of pain duration and levels of WBCC, temperature as a single entity has little diagnostic utility in the diagnosis of appendicitis unless it is combined with other signs and symptoms such as rebou nd tenderness (Cardall, Glasser and Guss, 2004). For many years laboratory tests such as white blood cell count (WBCC) leukocytes and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been used to support a diagnosis, but the considerable overlap with other inflammatory conditions accounts for the low specificity and positive predictive value of these tests (Stefanutti, Ghirardo and Gamba, 2007). Recent studies on adult patients who present with clinical signs and symptoms indicating acute appendicitis, show that appendicitis can be excluded if both leukocyte count and C-reactive protein value are normal (Gronroos, 2001). However, Stefanutti, Ghirardo and Gamba, (2007) suggest that only a few studies have been reported in paediatric patients and the role of WBCC and CRP in excluding acute appendicitis in children has not been confirmed. According to Andersson et al. (1999) children who present with signs and symptoms of appendicitis such as rebound tenderness and have a WBCC of 15000 only moderately increases the estimated risk of appendicitis. This t herefore shows that only at the extremes of the WBCC does this diagnostic indicator appear useful (Moyer, et al., 2001). Therefore, contrary to adult patients, normal leukocyte count, WBCC and CRP value cannot effectively exclude acute appendicitis in children. Another usual predictor of appendicitis is vomiting (Bergeron, Richer, Gharib and Giard, 1999). The study by Andersson et al. (1999) calculated the likelihood ratio for appendicitis in a patient with vomiting compared to one with no vomiting to be 1.8. In addition Reynolds and Jaffe (1992) study suggests that a combination of four predictors including; vomiting right lower quadrant pain, abdominal tenderness, and abdominal guarding. More specifically 97% of the 377 children studied who were diagnosed with appendicitis had two or more of these predictors. Therefore, a patient who presents to A+E with less than two of the above predictors is quite unlikely to have appendicitis. Alvarado (1986) conducted a retrospective study of 305 patients hospitalised with abdominal pain suggestive of acute appendicitis. Signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings were analysed for specificity, sensitivity, predictive value, and joint probability.Their importance, according to their diagnostic weight, was determined as follows: localized tenderness in the right lower quadrant, leukocytosis, migration of pain, shift to the left, temperature elevation, nausea-vomiting, anorexia-acetone, and direct rebound pain (Alvarado, 1986). This scoring system shown below is deemed by many surgeons as an easy aid for supporting the diagnosis of acute appendicitis (Khan and Rehman, 2005). A study undertaken by Baidya, Rodrigues, Rao and Khan (2007) investigated the diagnostic accuracy of Alvarado scoring system. The results showed that a score of >7 for an appendicitis was 88.2% correct in diagnosis. However, the diagnostic accuracy of an Alvarado score Despite recent advances in knowledge and diagnostic investigations, a population-based analysis in the United States found that the incidence of unnecessary appendectomy has not changed (Flum, Morris and Koepsell, 2001). Therefore to increase diagnostic accuracy, new modalities such as ultrasound scans have been introduced (Broek, Ende, Bijnen, Breslau and Alkmaar, 2004). Kaneko and Tsuda (2004) conducted a 10-year study using ultrasound scans to diagnose appendicitis in children and are convinced that ultrasound scans can identify inflamed appendices with 100% sensitivity and can also determine the severity as well. However Smink, Finkelstein, Garcia-Pena, Shannon, Taylor and Fishman (2004) suggest that the use of ultrasound has not decreased negative appendectomies as similar negative rates were present over a decade ago. Therefore on the basis of the available evidence, patients presenting to A+E with a strong clinical case of appendicitis should be referred direct to the surgeon without an ultrasound. In addition to the use of ultrasound scanning the use of computed tomography (CT) has been recently studied and evaluated. There are currently two perspectives in the literature regarding the use of CT scan for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis: one supporting its routine use due to the decreased incidence of negative appendectomies, and the other one against its routine use due to the increased cost and delay in surgical management (Ceydel, Lavotshkin, Yu and Wise, 2006). In addition the benefits of imaging eliminating inpatient observation and unnecessary surgery must be weighed against the malignancy risk from radiation, as well as discomfort of rectal contrast administration (Smink, Finkelstein, Garcia-Pena, Shannon, Taylor and Fishman, 2004). Ceydel, Lavotshkin, Yu and Wises (2006) retrospective study showed that the negative appendectomy rate was much less in patients who had CT scans (7.6%) compared to the non CT scan group (24%). Therefore clinicians within A+E use their cl inical judgement and place emphasis on the importance of routine history and an accurate physical examination utilising CT scans for atypical cases of acute appendicitis (Gwynn, 2001). Currently within the A+E department there is no specific pathway or tool for ruling in acute appendicitis in paediatrics. In addition Birkhahn, Briggs, Datillo, Van Deusen and Gaeta (2006) suggest that no major medical association or professional organisation currently endorses a standardised pathway for the evaluation of patients with suspected appendicitis. With up to 25 % of children having negative appendectomies it is therefore of clinical and financial value to consider the use of a scoring system to admit or discharge children who present with a possible acute appendicitis. Current systems are in place for other potential conditions such as myocardial infarctions, pancreatitis and pneumonia. These other systems have been audited locally and nationally and are currently working well within the trust, therefore the plans to introduce the Alvarado scoring system will be put forward in the next review of clinical practice meeting between nursing and medical staff. To conclude, this assignment demonstrates that for an emergency department practitioner in a fast paced A+E setting, the accurate diagnosis of acute appendicitis remains a challenge for the paediatric age group. An accurate history and physical examination, which as highlighted can be challenge in younger patients plays an important role in the diagnosis of early acute appendicitis (Mallick, 2008). Physical clinical signs elicited upon examination provide the practitioner with a good insight to expected diagnosis. However, the usefulness of rebound tenderness as a single examination has minimal clinical value. The whole patient picture which encompasses an accurate history, clinical examination, laboratory investigations and possible diagnostic imaging is therefore vital to providing a correct diagnosis. The use of clinical scoring systems like the Alvarado score can be a cheap and quick tool to apply in emergency departments to rule in acute appendicitis. This scoring system includes many aspects such as clinical history, rebound tenderness and laboratory investigations. This allows for observation and critical re-evaluation of the evolving clinical picture. Its application improves the overall diagnostic accuracy and consequently reduces negative appendectomies (Khan and Rehman, 2005). In clinical cases where the practitioner is unsure if the actual diagnosis is acute appendicitis other diagnostic imaging studies such as ultrasound and CT may be undertaken. This must only then be considered once a thorough clinical examination has not provided any indication for acute appendicitis and the benefits out way the risks. References NHS Information Centre. (2009). Primary diagnosis: summary. Retrieved November 21, 2009, from Hospital Episode Online: http://www.hesonline.nhs.uk/Ease/servlet/ContentServer?siteID=1937categoryID=202 Allan, B. (2008). History and examination (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby. Alvarado, A. (1986). A practical score for the early diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 15 (5), 557-564. Andersson, R., Hugander, A., Ghazi, S., Ravn, H., Offenbartl, S., Nystrà ¶m, P., et al. (1999). Diagnostic value of disease history, clinical presentation, and inflammatory parameters of appendicitis. World Journal of Surgery, 23 (2), 133-40. Baidya, N., Rodrigues, G., Rao, A., Khan, S. (2007). Internet Scientific Publications. Retrieved December 22, 2009, from The Internet Journal of Surgery: http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of_surgery/volume_9_number_1/article_printable/evaluation_of_alvarado_score_in_acute_appendicitis_a_prospective_study.html Bergeron, E. (2006). Clinical judgment remains of great value in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Canadian Journal of Surgery, 49 (2), 96-100. Bergeron, E., Richer, B., Gharib, R., Giard, A. (1999). Appendicitis is a place for clinical judgment. American Journal of Surgery, 177, 460 462. Bickley, L. (2009). Bates Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Birkhahn, R., Briggs, M., Datillo, P., Van Deusen, S., Gaeta, T. (2006). Classifying patients suspected of appendicitis with regard to likelihood. The American Journal of Surgery, 191, 497-502. Broek, W., Ende, E., Bijnen, A., Breslau, P., Alkmaar, D. (2004). Which children could benefit from additional diagnostic tools in cases of suspected appendicitis? Journal of Paediatric Surgery, 39 (4), 570-574. Cardall, T., Glasser, J., Guss, D. (2004). Clinical value of the total white blood cell count and temperature in the evaluation of patients with suspected appendicitis. Academic Emergency Medicine, 11 (10), 1021-1027. Ceydel, A., Lavotshkin, S., Yu, J., Wise, L. (2006). When should we order a CT scan and when should we rely on the results to diagnose an acute appendicitis? Current Surgery, 63 (6), 464-468. Cleaver, K. (2003). Developing expertise the contribution of paediatric accident and emergency nurses to the care of children, and the implications for their continuing professional development. Accident and Emergency Nursing, 11, 96 102. Flum, D., Morris, A., Koepsell, T. (2001). Has misdiagnosis of appendicitis decreased over time? A population-based analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 1748-1753. Golledge, J., Toms, A., Franklin, I., Scriven, M., Galland, R. (1996). Assessment of peritonism in appendicitis. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons England, 78, 11-14. Gronroos, J. (2001). Do normal leukocyte count and C-reactive protein value exclude acute appendicitis in children? Acute Paediatrics, 90, 649- 651. Gwynn, L. (2001). The diagnosis of acute appendicitis: Clinical assessment versus computed tomography evaluation. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21 (2), 119-123. Hibberts, F., Bushell, C. (2007). Physical assessment in gastroenterology abdominal examination. Gastrointestinal Nursing, 5 (7), 24 30. Kalan, M., Talbot, D., Cunliffe, W., Rich, A. (1994). Evaluation of the modified Alvarado score in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis: a prospective study. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons, 76, 418-419. Kaneko, K., Tsuda, M. (2004). Ultrasound-based decision making in the treatment of acute appendicitis in children. Journal of Paediatric Surgery, 39 (9), 1316-1320. Khan, I., Rehman, A. (2005). Application of Alvarado scoring system in diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad Pakistan, 17 (3), 17-21. Koepsell, F. (2002). The clinical and economic correlates of misdiagnosed appendicitis: Nationwide analysis. Archives of Surgery, 137, 799-804. Lin, C., Chen, J., Chung, T., Ho, Y., Lin, W. (2009). Children presenting at the emergency department with right lower quadrant pain. Journal of Medical Science, 25, 1-9. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. (2008). Assessment made incredibly easy Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Malik, K., Khan, A., Waheed, I. (2000). Evaluation of the Alvarado score in diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Journal of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 10, 392-394. Mallick, M. (2008). Appendicitis in pre-school children: A continuing clinical challenge: A retrospective study. International Journal of Surgery, 6, 371-373. Mantzaris, D., Anastassopoulos, G., Adamopoulos, A., Gardikis, S. (2008). A non-symbolic implementation of abdominal pain estimation in childhood. Information Sciences, 178, 3860-3866. Moyer, V., Elliott, E., Davis, R., Gilbert, R., Klassen, T., Logan, S., et al. (2001). Evidence Based Paediatrics and Child Health. London: BMJ Books. Neilson, I., Laberge, J., Nguyen, L., Moir, C., Doody, D., Sonnino, R., et al. (1990). Appendicitis in children: Current therapeutic recommendations. Journal of Paediatric Surgery, 25 (11), 1113-1116. Oshea, J., Bishop, M., Alario, A., Cooper, J. (1988). Diagnosing appendicitis in children with acute abdominal pain. Paediatric Emergency Care, 4, 172-176. Owe, T., Williams, H., Stiff, G., Jenkinson, L., Rees, B. (1992). Evaluation of the Alvarado score in acute appendicitis. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 85, 87-88. Pines, J., Pines, L., Hall, A., Hunter, J., Srinivasan, R., Ghaemmaghami, C. (2005). The interrater variation of ED abdominal examination findings in patients with acute abdominal pain. American Journal of Emergency Medicine (23), 483-487. Rehman, I., Burki, T. (2003). Alvarado scoring system in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children. Journal of Medical Sciences, 11, 37-41. Reynolds, S., Jaffe, D. (1992). Diagnosing abdominal pain in a paediatric emergency department. Paediatric emergency care, 8, 126-128. Smink, D., Finkelstein, J., Garcia-Pena, B., Shannon, M., Taylor, G., Fishman, S. (2004). Diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children using a clinical practice guideline. Journal of Paediatric surgery, 39, 458-463. Stefanutti, G., Ghirardo, V., Gamba, P. (2007). Inflammatory markers for acute appendicitis in children: are they helpful? Journal of Paediatric Surgery, 42, 773-776. Whisker, L., Luke, D., Hendrickse, C., Bowley, D., Lander, A. (2009). Appendicitis in children: A comparative study between a specialist paediatric centre and a district general hospital. Journal of Paediatric Surgery, 44, 362-367. Williams, R., Blakely, M., Fischer, P., Streck, C., Dassinger, M., Gupta, H., et al. (2009). Diagnosing ruptured appendicitis preoperatively in paediatric patients. Journal of American College of Surgeons, 208 (5), 819 825.

Thesis Essay -- essays papers

Thesis The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the effectiveness of character education programs and how technology can be used to enhance student learning about character education. According to Laura and Malcolm Gauld (2002)" For families, educators, corporations, and communities, the biggest job we'll ever have is nothing less than a new paradigm for reconnecting education with core values." (p.1) The world of education is at a place where they are placing extreme importance on teaching our students values. This paper will discuss the true meaning of character education, give ideas on how to incorporate character education, and give examples of technology that is helping this process. Items such as the computer blocking software and parental controls will be explained. All of these things will make up what character education means to our students and schools. Defining Character Education Before we discuss methods of character education we must first define the term. Many sources define character education as different things but all reach one general view. In the book, Bringing a New Era in Character Education Damon (2002) says, â€Å"there are two themes needed in character education today. The first is a consensus that fundamental moral standards must be passed along to the young and that educators at all levels bear a serious obligation to transmit these core standards to their students†¦The second theme that emerges from this volume is a shared determination to get rid of sterile old oppositions that have paralyzed even some of the best efforts in this field over the past decade.†(p.11) Damon’s view is a summary of the definition of all those involved in character education. The goal of character educa... ...orporate character education into the classroom. Damon, W. (Ed.). (2002). Bringing in a new era in character education. Stanford, CA: Hoover Press. This book shows different peoples pint of views on what character education is and how they maintain it in their classrooms. Frieman, B. (2001). Children at risk. New York: McGraw-Hill. This book discusses different way children are at risk in the classroom and how to help them if they are at risk. Gauld, L., & M. Gauld. (2002). The biggest job we'll ever have. New York: Simon and Schuster. This book talks about the fact that teaching our children how to be good people is the hardest and most important job we will ever have. Steyer, J. (2002). The other parent. New York: Atria Books. The book by Steyer talks about how technology such has television and computers are parenting America’s children.

Wuthering Heights - Series of Contrasts :: essays research papers

A) Catherine’s love for Heathcliff is torn between both Heathcliff and Edgar Linton – conflicting loyalties. Her love for Heathcliff is prompted by impulses to disregard social conventions. Her love for Heathcliff causes her to throw tantrums and to run around the moor. She considers Heathcliff her soul mate: their life growing up together, their enjoyable times on the moor, and her freedom and innocence of her childhood. â€Å"If I’ve done wrong, I’m dying for it. It is enough! You left me too – but I won’t upbraid you! I forgive you. Forgive me!† represents Catherine’s love and yet her cruel treatment of Heathcliff for marrying Edgar to attain material and social gains. B) In chapter 17 Isabelle returns to the Grange in physical disarray. She saw Heathcliff as a romantic figure, like a character one would find in a novel. Yet, her decision to go with Heathcliff ruins her life. He never returns her feelings and treats her as a tool in his perusal of revenge on the Linton family. C) Both women have an initial desire to be with Heathcliff, while only Isabella ends up marrying Heathcliff. Heathcliff’s love for Isabella is a mere tool to achieve his ultimate goal of revenge. He marries her as a mean of revenge. On the other hand, Heathcliff and Catherine would complete each other, they are soul-mates. Neither of their experiences are successful and they both do not get what they originally desired (the love of their life). 2. A) When Hindley's wife Frances dies shortly after giving birth to their son Hareton, Hindley lapses into alcoholism and dissipation. Nelly expected Hindley to become sober and attend his wife’s funeral. â€Å"'Yesterday, you know, Mr. Earnshaw should have been at the funeral. He kept himself sober for the purpose - tolerably sober: not going to bed mad at six o'clock and getting up drunk at twelve. Consequently, he rose, in suicidal low spirits, as fit for the church as for a dance; and instead, he sat down by the fire and swallowed gin or brandy by tumblerfuls.† B) â€Å"But, I thought in my mind, Hindley, with apparently the stronger head, has shown himself sadly the worse and the weaker man. When his ship struck, the captain abandoned his post; and the crew, instead of trying to save her, rushed into riot and confusion, leaving no hope for their luckless vessel. Linton, on the contrary, displayed the true courage of a loyal and faithful soul: he trusted God; and God comforted him† Wuthering Heights - Series of Contrasts :: essays research papers A) Catherine’s love for Heathcliff is torn between both Heathcliff and Edgar Linton – conflicting loyalties. Her love for Heathcliff is prompted by impulses to disregard social conventions. Her love for Heathcliff causes her to throw tantrums and to run around the moor. She considers Heathcliff her soul mate: their life growing up together, their enjoyable times on the moor, and her freedom and innocence of her childhood. â€Å"If I’ve done wrong, I’m dying for it. It is enough! You left me too – but I won’t upbraid you! I forgive you. Forgive me!† represents Catherine’s love and yet her cruel treatment of Heathcliff for marrying Edgar to attain material and social gains. B) In chapter 17 Isabelle returns to the Grange in physical disarray. She saw Heathcliff as a romantic figure, like a character one would find in a novel. Yet, her decision to go with Heathcliff ruins her life. He never returns her feelings and treats her as a tool in his perusal of revenge on the Linton family. C) Both women have an initial desire to be with Heathcliff, while only Isabella ends up marrying Heathcliff. Heathcliff’s love for Isabella is a mere tool to achieve his ultimate goal of revenge. He marries her as a mean of revenge. On the other hand, Heathcliff and Catherine would complete each other, they are soul-mates. Neither of their experiences are successful and they both do not get what they originally desired (the love of their life). 2. A) When Hindley's wife Frances dies shortly after giving birth to their son Hareton, Hindley lapses into alcoholism and dissipation. Nelly expected Hindley to become sober and attend his wife’s funeral. â€Å"'Yesterday, you know, Mr. Earnshaw should have been at the funeral. He kept himself sober for the purpose - tolerably sober: not going to bed mad at six o'clock and getting up drunk at twelve. Consequently, he rose, in suicidal low spirits, as fit for the church as for a dance; and instead, he sat down by the fire and swallowed gin or brandy by tumblerfuls.† B) â€Å"But, I thought in my mind, Hindley, with apparently the stronger head, has shown himself sadly the worse and the weaker man. When his ship struck, the captain abandoned his post; and the crew, instead of trying to save her, rushed into riot and confusion, leaving no hope for their luckless vessel. Linton, on the contrary, displayed the true courage of a loyal and faithful soul: he trusted God; and God comforted him†

Essay --

Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer was born in the midst of New York City to a wealthy family in 1904. He had German decent on his mother's side whose family had lived in the United States for a few generations, while his father, Julius Oppenheimer, had only recently come from Germany. His father was a farmer and a grain merchant in Germany. When he arrived at New York, He started working at Rothfeldt-Stern Company,a textile import business that was run by two of his uncles. The company changed their business to tailored suits, Julius quickly worked his way up the ranks. When Julius and Ella, Robert's mother, got married in 1903, they lived in an elegant apartment in the Upper West Side of New York City. Julius Oppenheimer was a man of art. He met Ella at a New York Exhibition for European artists. The works of famous artists livened their apartment. Oppenheimer showed signs of brilliance very early on in his life. His interests as a child were minerals, reading, writing poetry, and building with blocks. His interest in minerals was sparked when his grandfather gave him a pack of labeled rocks on the family's trips to Germany. When he became eleven he wrote a paper to the New York Mineralogy Society. When he showed for the lecture, the other members were surprised to find a boy of eleven while the next youngest member was in his seventies. While his parents were delighted by his brilliance, his mother found his antisocial traits to be worrisome and encouraged him to interact with other boys his age but his personality did not allow him to be a social person throughout his early years. In 1912, Oppenheimer gained a brother by the name of Frank. His brother being eight years younger than Oppenheimer, he was not as gifted as his brot... ...oard and after a long trial had his Security Clearance revoked. Despite the public out roar, he moved on to Princeton, and took over as the Director of Advanced Study from Albert Einstein. After he resigned he went on to live a quiet life on Long Island spending time sailing and horseback riding with his wife and children. He was awarded an Enrico Fermi award in 1963. He died in 1967, of throat cancer, leaving a great impact of the world. Overall, Oppenheimer was one of the world greatest influences and scientists in the world. His studies and research into nuclear science helped develop modern power usage of radioactive elements and he also helped end the Second World War. While many scientists expressed their regret in participation in the Manhattan Project, Oppenheimer did not regret his participation because he saw the good and bad in both sides.

Cloud Computing

CLOUD COMPUTING PRASHANT G. PANDEY SANDEEP D. SINGH 3rd Author TIMSCDR TIMSCDR 3rd author's affiliation C-502, Silver Oak Appt. , Beverly park B-201, New Garden view, Tulinj Road, 1st line of address Mira Road (E), Thane-401107. Nalasopara (E), Thane- 401209 2nd line of address Mob. No. +91- 09322119824 Mob. No. +91- 09850394576 Telephone number, incl. country code prashant. [email  protected] com Sandy. [email  protected] com 3rd E-mail ABSTRACT As with any new trend in the IT world, enterprises must figure out the benefits and risks of cloud computing and the best way to use this technology. The buzz around cloud computing has reached a fever pitch. Some believe it is a disruptive trend representing the next stage in the evolution of the internet. Others believe it is hype, as it uses long established computing technologies. One thing is clear: The industry needs an objective, straightforward conversation about how this new computing paradigm will impact organizations, how it can be used with existing technologies, and the potential pitfalls of proprietary technologies that can lead to lock-in and limited choice. This document is intended to initiate a conversation that will bring together the emerging cloud computing community (both cloud users and cloud vendors) around a core set of principles. We believe that these core principles are rooted in the belief that cloud computing should be as open as all other IT technologies. This document does not intend to define a final taxonomy of cloud computing or to charter a new standards effort. Nor does it try to be an exhaustive thesis on cloud architecture and design. Rather, this document speaks to CIOs and other business leaders who intend to use cloud computing and to establish a set of core principles for cloud vendors. Cloud computing is still in its early stages, with much to learn and more experimentation to come. However, the time is right for the members of the emerging cloud computing community to come together around the notion of an open cloud. Multitenant : For an organization having many tenants renting some services. Authors & scientists of various publications: Hartig, Hinchcliffe, Greenberg, Robbins, Gupta & Swaminathan 1. INTRODUCTION The word Computing means any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers. Thus, computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems for a wide range of purposes; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific studies using computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; creating and using communications and entertainment media; finding and gathering information relevant to any particular purpose, and so on. Computing is categorized according to the requirement of the individual or an organization. The topic I am going to discuss in this paper presentation would be â€Å"Cloud computing† dealing as Group and organization . Fig. 1 demonstrates a simple architecture about cloud computing. GENERAL TERMS â€Å"Cloud computing† is termed as the next big thing in the modern corporate world, the growing impact is will be seen on enterprise IT and business activities in many large organizations. This paper provides an insight to cloud computing, its impact and discusses the issues that business organizations face while implementing cloud computing, It also discusses various strategies that organizations need to adopt while migrating to cloud computing. Fig. 1 KEYWORDS Cloud computing is very simple and broad concept in which we are using internet which allows people access technology enabled services. It is named so as its representation is always done as a cloud as in a network diagram. In broader context, cloud computing can be said as a large network of computers used by large organizations to provide services to smaller ones and individuals. It is sometimes termed as Grid computing or Network computing. Cloud computing can be said as a Network of providing resource via network â€Å"on demand† and â€Å"at scale† in an multitenant environment. The resource provider network is called as â€Å"Cloud†. ? ? ? The wide band’s network fast development. The virtualization tech and market’s fast development. The hardware’s fast development, like CPU and network drives. 2. ISSUES NEEDED TO BE SOLVED I have come across certain issues which arise during the normal stages of computing which are needed to overcome, Let me take each issue one by one: 2. 1 Technical Issues The biggest challenge in cloud computing may be the fact that there is no standard or single architectural method. Common hurdles to be overcomed: Fig. Hartig States â€Å"What goes on in the cloud manages multiple infrastructures across multiple organizations consisting of frameworks providing mechanisms for self-healing, selfMonitoring and automatic reconfiguration†. The cloud is virtualization of resources so it manages itself. Still there are people required to take care of operating systems, hardware and networking in a proper or der, but from the user’s or application developer’s perspective, only the cloud is referenced. We can say cloud computing is the Third revolution of IT industry, following the personal computer revolution. Cloud computing matters to us as cloud computing and web based are the future of computing in which all of us will interact. Let me give you an examples that in our day to day life, we come across a number of vendors providing cloud computing services such as Google, Yahoo, MSN, etc. among web based office applications and online photo and document sharing include flickr and Zoho. By cloud computing, we have the ability to scale to meet changing user demands quickly, usually within minutes. Cloud computing is : ? Environment friendly ? Task oriented ? Requires no Maintenance It gives user the benefit of separating application code from physical resources and to use external assets to handle peak loads. 2. 1. 1 Security Security is the most important thing for an organization or and company. If a company has a very big portal then we cannot say that the company is really very big but if the security of the company should be well assured that it is safe . Hence, I can say that Security is the most important hurdle for an organization to keep its data & policies undercover so that only the recommended people can have an access to it. With their business information and critical IT resources outside the firewall, customers worry about their vulnerability to attack. 2. 1. 2 Technical Hardware & Software Expertise Users need equipment and resources to customize cloud computing services more relevant and more tailored to the needs of their businesses. Proper man-power is needed to develop the applications to suit a business’s needs. The availability of physical hardware and software components need to be ensured for realizing the benefits of cloud computing. According to the writings of Hinchcliffe(2009, p. 61), wider technical fluency and expertise in the selected cloud computing platforms, which tend to emphasize technologies such as Open Source or newer web-style programming languages and application models will have to be achieved. 2. 2 Non-Technical Issues needed to overcome Apart from the technical issues, there are several non-technical issues which require equal attention and need to be resolved. Some of the significant non-technical hurdles to the adoptions of cloud computing services by large enterprises are financial, operational and organizational issues. . 1 Reasons to accept Cloud Computing. ? ? ? The fast increase of corporate IT infrastructure requirement. Economy crisis forcing company to cut cost. The fast change and time-to-market requirement of Internet applications. 2. 2. 1 Financial Issues Different people have different opinions on cloud computing, One such report says , Cloud computing can cost twice as much as inhouse data centers. This poses a problem for large enterprises, but actually works to the advantage of small and midsize companies and businesses. Further reports say that Cloud offerings are most attractive for small and medium-sized enterprises†¦ and most customers of clouds are small businesses. The reason behind this is that smaller companies don’t have the option of developing themselves into giant data centers. Greenberg(2009) notes, â€Å"Few if any major corporations are looking to replace their data centers with cloud†¦ the ‘server-less company’ are one that’s only feasible for startups and SMBs. † Cost variability is the important aspect of cloud computing. If cost ,transparency, scalability and cost variability is to be considered then a new challenge and opportunity arises for organizations. security through the public cloud. The availability of a robust network and information security is also a challenge. 2. 2. 3. 3 Cost Cost of process change is another hurdle in the transformation. Conventional IT organizations will have to engage with internal customers as well as IT service providers at a different plane. Most importantly, the culture and mindset and mindset will have to change. 3. PLANNING TOWARDS TECHNOLOGY THE NEW 2. 2. 2 Operational & Organizational Issues Organizations need to define standards and workflow for authorizations. A strategy for the consumption and management of cloud services, including how the organization will deal with semantic management, security and transactions need to be created. One should evaluate cloud providers using similar validation patterns as one does with new and existing data center resources. According to Gupta (2008), before deciding to switch over to cloud computing, one should fully understand the concept and implications of cloud computing as to whether maintaining an IT investment in-house or buying it as a service. The organization has to look at the overall return on investment inhouse or buying it as a service. The organization has to look at the overall return on investments as they cannot simply rip off and replace an existing infrastructure. The managers have to look at the short-term costs as well as the long term gains. Finally, a proof of concept should be created which can do a few things including getting an organization through the initial learning process and providing proof points as to the feasibility of leveraging cloud computing resources. Cloud computing is inevitable and it is a force that organizations and businesses need to quickly come in terms with. As the economic and social motivation for cloud computing is high, businesses which are heavily computer resource dependent need to take cautionary measures and the right decisions at the right time to avoid ending up with unreproductive solutions while migrating to new technologies. According to Robbins(2009), an organization should always make sure that they know what they are paying for and should pay careful attention to the following issues: ? Service levels ? Privacy matters ? Compliances ? Data ownership ? Data mobility. A number of cloud computing vendors may be hesitant to commit to the consistency of performance regarding an application or transaction. One has to understand the service levels they expect regarding data protection and speed of data recovery. 4. SWITCHING TO NEW TECHNOLOGY 2. 2. 3 Internal Issues While switching to newer technologies, an organization could face many internal issues. Some of them are explained as follows: Switching to newer technology such as cloud computing would be best when the processes, applications, and data are largely independent. When the points of integration in a business are well defined, embracing cloud services is effective. In an organization where a lower level of security will work just fine and the core internal enterprise architecture is healthy, conditions are favorable for the organization to switch to newer technologies. A business which requires Web as the desired platform to serve its customers 2. 2. 3. 1 Distributed business levels The distributed business and the level of consistently reliable computer networks in an organization can pose a challenge towards switching from traditional infrastructure to cloud computing. The case for an organization to go in for cloud computing is similar to a decision to own or rent a house. An organization which has spent a good amount of cash on its own storage and security systems will have time taking the decision to migrate to dedicated environment. 2. 2. 3. 2 Complexity of applications The complexity of the applications and the technology infrastructure is dependent on how the organization has adopted IT. If this has evolved from the deployment of technologies over a period of time, then the complexity level will certainly be high and in such a case, transformation to cloud computing would be difficult. Not everything comes under cloud computing as each organization has its own specific requirements suited to their needs whether on functionalities, performance, or maybe even computing in their organizations. Unless they seriously consider making cloud a part of their strategy. References: [1]. Buyya, Rajkumar; Chee Shin Yeo, Srikumar Venugopal, Sudershan Malpani (PDF). Market-Oriented Cloud Computing: Vision, Hype, and Reality for Delivering IT Services as Computing Utilities. Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Australia. p. 9. [2]. www. gridbus. org/~raj/papers/hpcc2008_keynote_cloudcom p2uting. pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-31. [3] . M. D. Dikaiakos, D. Katsaros, G. Pallis, A. Vakali, P. Mehra: Guest Editors Introduction: â€Å"Cloud Computing, IEEE Internet Computing†, 12(5), Sep. 2009. [4] San Murugesan (Editor), â€Å"Cloud Computing: IT's Day in the Sun? â€Å", Cutter Consortium, 2009. [5] Luis M. Vaquero et al. , A Break i n the Clouds: Toward a Cloud Definition, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, Volume 39, Issue 1 (January 2009), Pages 50–55, ISSN:0146-4833 [6] [7] www. ikipedia. org/cloudcomputing/ www. scribd. com/cloud/cloudppt. ppt/ Fig. 3 and wants to cut cost while benefiting from the new applications, the business can achieve the best competitive advantage in the market. According to Swaminathan (2009. p. 14), to compete effectively in today’s world, executives need every edge they can get, from low cost to speed and employee productivity. By tapping into the right cloud capabilities, companies can quickly enter new markets and launch new products or services in existing markets. When demand grows, they can quickly scale up, and when opportunities dry up, they can just as quickly scale down with minimum waste of time and capital. By using cloud-based solutions such as crowd-sourcing, companies can open up innovation to more employees, customers and their partners. 5. CONCLUSION Cloud computing is a fascinating realm, that makes it easier to deploy software and increase productiovity. However, there are some technical and non-technical realities that make security somewhat difficult to deliver in cloud. The cloud presents a number of new challenges in data security, privacy control, compliance, application integration and service quality. It can be expected that over the few years, these problems will be addressed. According to Swaminathan(2009, p. 12-15) and Daugherty(2009, p. 12-15), to be successful, companies should take small incremental steps towards this new environment so they can reap benefits for applicable business situations and learn to deal with the associated risks. In general, Cloud computing will act as an accelerator for enterprises, enabling them to innovate and compete more effectively. Under the current economic conditions, executives need to rethink their strategies dealing with cost-effective solutions. They need to use the cloud services for the right jobs they require. Today’s infrastructure clouds such as Amazon EC2 offer a relatively inexpensive and flexible alternative to buying in-house hardware. They are also beneficial for computation-intensive hobs, such as data cleansing, data mining, risk modeling, optimization and simulation. Businesses and enterprises should now take steps to experiment, learn and reap some immediate business benefits by implementing cloud Cloud Computing Each group Is expected to work on a project and by end-term, submit a hard copy of the project and also, In summary, present the findings. The project should reflect your learning's from the BIT course. Hence, the topic selection has to be such that your project should address one of the following two Study In depth any ONE area of IT Investments In an organization. The study has to highlight the business objectives addressed by the system approach to implementation analysis of success or failure of the implementation.What you would have done differently – give alternative solutions and recommendations Finally, what Business related benefits were derived from the IT investments It will be Important to analyze in light of Management, Organization and Technology aspects of Implementation. Study of ONE technology for Its applicability, usefulness and Its Implications for organizations across an Industry. Study the business objectives for which the Information system was Implement ed In different organizations.You study should cover the following analysis: Is purpose and need for hat particular technology Information system the same across all companies studied? Were the business goals the same for the technology implementation? Did all companies face the same risks, problems and challenges in implementing the technology within the company? Did you observe any common trend or practice emerging across companies of the same industry? Finally, what Business related benefits were derived from the IT investments Suggested list of technologies and industries that can be studied: Technologies IndustriesCloud computing, AAAS, alas, Fertilization Retail Enterprise applications Like Banking, Financial services e-Business & e-commerce Insurance Social media Manufacturing, Automobile Data-warehouse and Bal Telecoms You can select your own technology or combination of technology and industry. Submission of Synopsis Each group Is expected to write a synopsis ( not more tha n 2 pages) of the project the group intends to do. Synopsis will cover the Topic of the project Approach the group intends to follow Broad sections of the reportDivision of effort – list the responsibilities allocated to each member of the group Project Report Project report will be submitted in soft copy. The report should tallest be of 12 pages and not exceed more than 25-30 pages. Your report should reflect your group's analysis and effort. Any report which I find has been directly downloaded from one source and reproduced will be completely rejected and no marks will be given to that group. Important dates 1 . Submission of synopsis: Gag 31st 2. Project submission: End of 18th session. The date will be confirmed by Seep 4th Cloud Computing These combine together and deliver services such as the delivery of software, Infrastructure and storage. There are different types of cloud computing. There are public clouds, private clouds and hybrid clouds. Public clouds are virtual data center. A service provider such as Dropped makes resources available over the Internet. Private cloud are usually inside an organization's firewall but it also could a private space dedicated to the organization provided by a service provider. Hybrid cloud combines both aspects of public and private cloud.What are the advantages of cloud computing? Cloud computing is very cost efficient as it is very easy to maintain and use. Cloud computing Is a lot cheaper than traditional software. As cloud computing is very high productive, It saves a lot of money and time. Besides cost efficiency, one of the advantages of cloud computing is that most cloud service providers are usually competent to recover information. It is much easier to backup and recover information than on physical storage device. Another advantage of cloud computing would be Its automatic software Integration function.Automatic software Integration means a person does not take hard effort to customize and Integrate applications. Cloud computing allows the person to customize easily. Not only it's very easy to customize, cloud computing is also very easy to access information. A person can easily access the cloud from every single corner In the world with Internet access anytime. What are the disadvantages of cloud computing? Cloud computing offers a lot of positive aspects. But, It also has Its downside. From time to time, cloud computing system face some serious technical issues.Sometimes it is dysfunctional despite it is constantly maintained. Security issue is also one of the biggest concern in cloud computing. If an organization is using a cloud computing service provider, confidential personal information or other sensitive Information could be exposed to th e third party. Hence, it is important to make sure that a cloud service provider you're going to choose is secure. Cloud computing is very easily exposed by hackers or any kinds of threat because anything on the Internet is vulnerable to attacks.Cloud computing has made it very easy to access Information but one of the biggest flaws Is that It doesn't provide with a lot of space. Most of the cloud service providers only provide less than BIBB of space to its user. A business 1 OFF organization chose a service provider, the organization depends a lot on the service provider. It would be very troublesome to switch from a service provider to another. It would take a lot of time to transfer all the files. How could a Canola Computer Store customer use Dropped? Dropped can store photos, documents, videos and files for its users.Dropped has applications for several platforms such as computer, mobile phones and tablets. Dropped is also accessible on the Internet. Dropped also allows its us ers to share their folders with whomever they desire. Besides sharing a folder, Dropped users can also send links of specific files, photos and folders. Dropped is a free service and you can sign up at www. Dropped. Com. Part B: Disposal of Data and Computer Components What are the two methods of secure data disposal? Sims Recycling Solutions offers two kinds of secure data disposal.They offer data wiping and data shredding method. How does each method disposes the data? Sims Recycling Solutions uses the data wiping method by using the industry leading data cleaner software called Balance to wipe the data in the hard drive. Data herding method is also used by Sims Recycling Solutions. Data is disposed by physically shredded by large shredding machines. Why dispose data using data wiping method? Data wiping is an excellent method for reusing purpose. Some organization uses the data wiping method to wipe all the data then remarked it and sell.By using data wiping method, an organizati on can rescue components of an equipment for maintenance and sale purposes. Data wiping also allows an organization to refurbish an equipment and donate for charities as it wipes all the data inside. Why dispose data using data shredding method? Data shredding is perfect if reusing an equipment is not an option hence requires data shredding method to physically destroy the equipment. It is also a good choice for Solid State Memory and non-magnetic storage devices such as DVD's and compact disc (CD) because these kinds of storage devices need data shredding method to destroy them securely.How Sims Recycling Solutions deals responsibly, ethically and in an environmental friendly manner with electronic waste? Electronic waste such as computer monitor and television contain substances that are harmful to the environment if they are not disposed carefully. Sims Recycling Solutions offers to collect electronic waste such as computer monitor and television to local Sims Recycling Solution disposal centre. We use Sims Recycling Solutions because the company recycles hazardous electronic waste in an environmental friendly way.The company also recycle as much as they can. The company is able to recycle the glass in screens. Photocopiers, toner cartridges and printers can also be recycled. Sims Recycling Solutions has the technology to break toner cartridges for energy recovery and recycle them into raw material in an environmental friendly way. Recycling effective and environmental friendly. Sims Recycling Solutions ensures 100% data disposal in printers and photocopiers as they record everything printed or photocopied in their memory. Where can I dispose IT and computer?